{"id":3674,"date":"2024-04-15T18:00:59","date_gmt":"2024-04-15T22:00:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ramapo.edu\/holocaust\/?page_id=3674"},"modified":"2024-04-15T18:04:18","modified_gmt":"2024-04-15T22:04:18","slug":"kwibuka-30-panel-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.ramapo.edu\/holocaust\/kwibuka-30-panel-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Kwibuka 30, Panel 2"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"<\/a>

Last Kings of Rwanda and the Genocide<\/p><\/div>\n

King of Rwanda, Yuhi V Musinga, under Belgian Colonial Supervision<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The Last Kings of Rwanda and the Genocide<\/span><\/h4>\n

King Yuhi V Musinga\u2019s reign from 1896 to 1931 overlapped with the beginning of Belgian rule. During WWI, Musinga refused to be baptized as Roman Catholic and was deposed in favor of his son. This photo reflects the racialized elevation of Tutsi over Hutu at the hands of Belgium colonizers, and the constraints on the power of the Rwanda\u2019s Tutsi monarchs under the conditions of European control. The last four Kings of Rwanda\u2014Kigeli V Ndahindurwa (r. 1959-1962), Mutara III Rudahigwa (r. 1931-1959), Yuhi V Musinga (r. 1896-1931), and Kigeli IV Rwabugiri (r. 1840-1895)\u2014are those under whose reign this system was implemented and were mostly puppets of colonial powers. Rwabugiri, the last king who, for most of his reign, had complete control of Rwanda, implemented an occupation-based system where Tutsi were nobles and cattle herders, and everyone else was considered non-Tutsi. After Ndahindurwa, Europeans were firmly entrenched within Rwanda, and the Kings of Rwanda had little choice in decision-making. Rudahigwa implemented reforms to make Hutus more equal, but that was only because the Belgians were pressured by the UN to do so. After him, Ndahindurwa reigned after only two years and had little influence over Rwanda during and after his reign. The blame for the racialized and oppressive system that led to the 1994 Genocide Against the Tutsi should be placed on the Belgians and Germans, who held ultimate power in Rwanda once they arrived.<\/p>\n

Quick Links<\/strong><\/p>\n

The Last King of Rwanda –\u00a0 Kigeli V <\/a><\/p>\n

The Kings of Rwanda<\/a><\/p>\n

Bibliography<\/strong><\/p>\n

Baragwyza, Jean-Bosco. \u201cRTLM 101.\u201d Radio T\u00e9l\u00e9vision Libre des Mille Collines. Genocide\u00a0Archive Rwanda. Published December 12, 1993. Transcribed May 9, 2000.<\/p>\n

Des Forges, Alison Liebhafsky. Defeat Is the Only Bad News: Rwanda under Musinga<\/em>, 1896-1931. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 2011.<\/p>\n

George. \u201cRTLM 188.\u201d Radio T\u00e9l\u00e9vision Libre des Mille Collines. Genocide Archive Rwanda.\u00a0Transcribed August 16, 1995.<\/p>\n

Jefremovas, Villia. \u201cContested Identities: Power and the Fictions of Ethnicity, Ethnography and\u00a0History in Rwanda.\u201d Anthropologica 39, no. 1\/2 (1997): 91\u2013104.<\/p>\n

Jessee, Erin, and Sarah E. Watkins. \u201cGood Kings, Bloody Tyrants, and Everything In Between:\u00a0Representations of the Monarchy in Post-Genocide Rwanda.\u201d History in Africa<\/em> 41 (2014): 35\u201362.<\/p>\n

Saint-David, Addington Stewart. Umwami King Kigeli V and the Shattered Kingdom of Rwanda<\/em>.\u00a0Editions Elgiad, 2019. 116-131.<\/p>\n

Samusabi, Felicien. \u201cRTLM 102<\/a>.\u201d Radio T\u00e9l\u00e9vision Libre des Mille Collin<\/em>es. Genocide Archive.\u00a0Rwanda. Published April 16, 1994. Transcribed December 21, 1999.<\/p>\n

Valerie. \u201cRTLM 0024<\/a>.\u201d Radio T\u00e9l\u00e9vision Libre des Mille Collines<\/em>. Genocide Archive Rwanda.\u00a0Published May 6, 1994. Transcribed February 2, 2000.<\/p>\n

Photo Source<\/strong><\/p>\n

E. Gourdinne, MRAC Tervuren EP.0.0.6127, 1918<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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